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Eczema is an itchy, noncontagious inflammation of the skin that usually begins in childhood. In most cases, eczema begins as intense itching, followed by a patchy skin rash that is red, inflamed, dry and scaly. The rash most often affects the face, arms and legs as well as the creases of the hands and feet. Patients who scratch incessantly may break the skin, opening wounds that are vulnerable to infection.

Eczema is especially prevalent among children. Around 10 percent of all infants and children have eczema at some point, according to the National Eczema Association for Science and Education. It typically begins within the first year of a child’s life. Many children begin to see improvement in the condition by the age of 5 or 6, and more than half who have eczema will grow out of the problem by the teen years. However, some children may see conditions improve, only to get worse again during puberty.

The terms “eczema” and dermatitis are usually used interchangeably. There are several types of eczema, but most people use the term to refer to atopic dermatitis, the most common variety. Atopic dermatitis is a disorder of the upper layers of the skin (epidermis) that usually begins in childhood. It typically affects children in families with a history of atopic dermatitis, allergic conditions or asthma. Scaly, itchy skin rashes are typical symptoms of the disorder, which is the most severe and longest-lasting form of dermatitis.

Other forms of eczema include contact dermatitis (results from direct skin contact with various irritants or allergens), neurodermatitis (occurs when a tight garment or insect bite irritates the skin) and seborrheic dermatitis (involves an overproduction of skin cells and the skin’s natural oil).

The exact cause of eczema is unknown. However, scientists believe that the disease has a genetic component, because it tends to run in families. Flare-ups often result when a child is exposed to certain allergens or irritants. However, many other factors can trigger symptoms, including stress, exposure to temperature extremes and infections.

In diagnosing eczema, a physician will perform a complete physical examination and compile a thorough medical history. A family history of eczema, allergies or asthma may be an important clue in diagnosing eczema in a child. Other evaluations such as an allergy skin test also may be performed.