The human body relies on an extensive network of blood vessels to supply oxygen–rich blood from the heart and remove waste products from the cells. Arteries are vessels that generally transport blood from the heart to the body, whereas veins are vessels that generally carry blood with low oxygen content back to the heart.

Among both arteries and veins, central blood vessels are those leading directly to or from the heart, and peripheral blood vessels are those in the feet, legs, lower abdomen, arms, neck or head. The term peripheral vascular disease (PVD) refers to damage, dysfunction or obstruction within peripheral arteries and veins.

Vascular diseases that affect the arteries may lead to arterial blockage, aortic aneurysms, and inflammation and pain of the extremities. When PVD occurs in the veins, it may cause venous blood clots, pulmonary embolism, phlebitis and varicose veins.

Most people with peripheral artery disease have a higher risk of death from heart attack and stroke. However, lifestyle changes, medications and, in some cases, surgery, can help reduce PVD and improve vascular health