Genital candidiasis (also called a yeast infection) is an inflammation of the vagina, prepuce (foreskin) or glans penis (the rounded head of the penis). It is caused by an overabundance of Candida, a microscopic fungus that normally inhabits the human body. There are four types of Candida. However, a variety called Candida albicans (C. albicans) causes the vast majority of genital yeast infections.

Several factors can promote the overgrowth of Candida albicans in the genitalia, including, but not limited to uncontrolled diabetes, certain medications (e.g., steroids, antibiotics), weakened immune system and pregnancy.

In women, symptoms of yeast infection are not always apparent, but may include:

• Thick, white, cottage cheese-like discharge
• Itching, burning or irritation of the vagina
• Pain during sexual intercourse (dyspareunia)
• Burning during urination (dysuria)

Symptoms are rarer in men, but may include genital itching and irritation among others. Men who experience these symptoms should contact their physician.

Patients with recurrent yeast infections are often able to diagnose and treat themselves. However, women exhibiting first-time symptoms of infection should immediately consult their obstetrician-gynecologist (ObGyn, a physician who specializes in treating disorders of the female reproductive system). Women who are (or may be) pregnant should also be seen by their ObGyn prior to beginning any treatment for yeast infections.

Yeast infections are typically diagnosed based on symptoms and, for women, a complete pelvic examination conducted by a physician. In some cases, a slide test may be administered by the physician. This test can analyze the genital secretions of men and women for the presence of yeast organisms.

Yeast infections can be treated with prescription or over-the-counter (OTC) medications. They come in various forms including creams and ointments for the vagina or penis, and suppositories that are inserted directly into the vagina. Oral medications may also be used, but these are available only through prescription.

Treatment options range from one to 14 days in duration although relief from the symptoms usually occurs within the first few days. Yeast infections cannot always be prevented but people can reduce the likelihood of developing them by avoiding risk factors involving clothing and personal hygiene.